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29-09-2006, 11:27 AM
Organic chemistry
Introduction
1.1 What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the chemistry, structure, and applications of compounds of
carbon (with some exceptions). The exceptions to the rule are carbon alone,
carbonic acids and its salts, carbides, cyanides and the oxides and sulfides of
carbon are not considered organic. Usually an organic compound must contain
carbon and usually hydrogen. The simplest organic compound is methane, a
hydrocarbon, CH4.
1.2 Why is carbon and organic chemistry so important?
Carbon is so important to organic chemistry as it has a great tendency to form
chains and rings with it's self. This process is catenation. Carbon is special
because it can join with other atoms by gaining electrons or sharing them thus
creating covalent bonds. Generally carbon shares 4 or gains 4 electrons but has
been known to have 2- charge on it (rarely). Carbon generally has both bond
characters, Ionic and Covalent. The only other element to act like carbon would
be silicon. Silicon has a slight tendency towards caternation but much less than
carbon. Carbon thus has the flexibility to form many complex compounds. This
what lends 9 million of the 10 million known substances to have formed with
carbon in an organic compound. This massive flexibility allows the production of
enzymes and other chemicals important to biochemists who base their work upon
the wonders of organic chemistry and carbon. Organic chemistry is important to
many other fields of science by showing how the world around us is made and
formed, how grass grows and feeds itself or to create synthetic oil if we run out of
nature petroleum.
Organic chemistry is especially important to medicine as it allows the production of
drugs to deal with various ailments and problem we humans experience. It's also painfully
obvious how important organic chemistry is to bioengineering as the various
drugs, compounds etc. deal directly with bioengineering. Bioengineering requires
organic chemistry to produce protiens and tissues for scientific purposes. Without
knowing how a protien is structured you probably can't make anything from that
protien!
1.3 I understand that but what useful things come from Organic Chemistry?
As previously stated, 9 million of the 10 million known compounds are ORGANIC.
These compounds don't all have the same properties. The properties range from high
explosives to strong plastics to even your muscle tissue and your brain. The
pesticides we use on our fields to protect against insects like aphids are produced
from organic chemistry. The ritalin for hyper ADT patients take is derived through
organic chemistry. The propane you cook your hamburgers with and that you flip
with your plastic spatula are all organic. The leather seats in your car, the
gasoline that your car uses are all organic. Your nylon shirt is a synthetic
organic material. As you see they all don't have the same uses they
have many numerous uses.
1.4 Where do these compounds come from?
Organic compounds are most common and easily found in nature itself.
Petroleum is removed from pools between layers of rock beneath the earth's
surface. Many compounds come from animals. Soil is often due to dead plant
and animal tissue being broken down by bacteria which results in many different
compounds in which scientists can derive other compounds from. Nature is organic
and nature reproduces so nature is one of the best sources for organic matter.
1.5 What is specific industrial application for organic chemistry?
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a substance used in housing to make pipes for water
and wastes to travel through. PVC is also used to make items like rain coats
and gum boots. PVC is often the most common piping in a house next to
copper. The reason for it's use is that it's cheaper than copper and quite
flexible while it doesn't rub off in the water like copper. An incredibly large use
for organic compounds in the industrial field are for plastics. Any and all plastics
are made from organic chemistry .
Hydrocarbons
2.1 You mentioned the word hydrocarbon, what is it?
A hydrocarbon is a compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen. The
simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. Hydrocarbon combust in oxygen when
energy is added (heat). We often use propane C3H8 to cook food on a barbecue.
There are two main types of hydrocarbons that are further broken down into more
groups:
Aromatic hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons contain 1 or more benzene rings (benzene).
Aliphatic hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons are anything that is not Aromatic (propane).
The aliphatic hydrocarbon group has many internal classifications. An aliphatic
hydrocarbon can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated is when all the bonds in
the hydrocarbon are single bonds. That means that there is only one electron
shared per atom not 2 electrons shared between 2 atoms (double bond)
. Unsaturated is when you have a double bond or a triple bond.
Chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons arranged in a chain or a line of
carbon atoms joined and example would be propane.
Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons arranged in a ring of carbon
atoms joined.
2.2 What are alkanes?
Alkanes are saturated Aliphatic hydrocarbons. All alkanes keep the suffix -ane in
their name. Their prefix is determined by how many carbon atoms there are. So
an alkane like C3H8 has 3 carbon atoms. So we'd look at this table of naming
conventions:
Table Of Naming
Prefix How many Carbon Atoms Radical Name
Meth- 1 Carbon atom Methyl
Eth- 2 Carbon atoms Ethyl
Prop- 3 Carbon atoms Propyl
But- 4 Carbon atoms Butyl
Pent- 5 Carbon atoms Pentyl
Hex- 6 Carbon atoms Hexyl
Hept- 7 Carbon atoms Heptyl
Oct- 8 Carbon atoms Octyl
Non- 9 Carbon atoms Nonyl
Dec- 10 Carbon atoms Decyl
And we would add Pro- to -ane to get Propane. An alkane with 10 Carbon atoms
would have the name of Decane. Chains can also have other chains attached to
them. These are called branches or substituent. To name a branched alkane you
take the longest string of carbon atoms (note that they don't need to be on the
same line you must include branches) then conjugate the name (hexane). Now
count the carbon atoms from left to right till you get to the uncounted branch
(carbon atom 3 in this case) count the uncounted carbon atoms on that branch
and look at the table. We have 1 carbon atom so we grab the radical name of
Methyl. Now to conjugate the name we take the branched carbon atom number 3
then add the radical name then add the conjugated name for the main string of
carbon atoms which is hexane. So 3 + methyl + hexane = 3-methylhexane! This
works about the same way if there is more than one substituent except you list
the radicals with the carbon atom their attached to in alphabetical order (e.g. 3-
ethy-3-methylhexane)
Alkanes
Alkane Subsituents
Cows frequently produce methane after consumption of grass... Penguins usually don't...
2.3 What are Alkenes then?
Alkenes are hydrocarbons like alkanes except they are unsaturated as they form
double carbon bonds. They have stronger bonds that alkanes but the bond
strength is not double that of an alkane. Alkenes are named the same way as
alkanes except instead of a -ane suffix they have a -ene suffix. If the first carbon
atom and second are not doubled bonded then you attach the number of the
carbon atom which is double bonding at the start of the name e.g. 2-Butene
Alkenes are numbered so that the parent compound contains the double bond for
numbering purposes. An alkene can contain more than 1 double bond. You name
the it the same except between your prefix and suffix you put in adi. And at the
start you write in the numbers of the carbon atom at which each double bond
starts. So CH2==CH--CH==CH2 is 1,2-butadiene (used in making synthetic
rubber).
Alkenes are known for cis and trans isomers. The cis isomer has all the
hydrogen atoms on one side of the atom. The transisomer has the radical groups on
opposite site. Ethene is an alkene and an important alkene for commercial purposes.
Ethene is used to produce plastics, antifreeze, synthetic fibers and solvents. Propene is
used to make plastic and synthetic fibers also!
2.4 What are Alkynes?
Alkynes are more like alkenes than alkanes. They are unsaturated aliphatic
compounds. They have triple bonds between carbon atoms instead of double
bonds. Alkynes are very reactive. To name an alkyne you name it like an alkene
except your suffix becomes -yne instead of -ene.
For naming of substituent you just follow the same rules as alkenes. If there is a
compound your naming with a double bond and a triple bond the double bond
takes precedence in numbering. So the double bond is given the lower number
and will be named first.
Ethyne or Acetylene is used for torches and has other industrial purposes.
2.5 Explain Aromatic Hydrocarbons further.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are based on the bezene ring.
The bezene ring is a cyclic hydrocarbon of C6H6. At each corner of the hexagon
there is assumed to be a carbon atom. You then can thus add a hydrogen atom
to each corner. Unlike cyclohexane C6H12, bezene has delocalized electrons thus
allowing greater stability to the structure.
Aromatic hydrocarbons often has a distinct odor to them which is what the name
came from. Bezene rings often form compounds with other hydrocarbons like
methane to produce methylbenzene or toluene.
Benzene rings are used in explosives like TNT or 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene. Many
synthetic materials are made from benzene as it can make many plastics.
In a chemical structure diagram the bezene ring is represented by a hexagon
with a circle inside of it.
To name an aromatic hydrocarbon you usually take the radical name that's attached
and add that to the beginning of the bezene ring name. So toluene is really the methyl radical
so toluene's real name is methylbenzene.
2.6 Are there any other substituents?
Yes besides the methyl, ethyl,... substituents there are halogen derivatives.
For example say we have methane and we replace one of the hydrogens with a
fluorine atom we get fluoromethane. If we replaced 2 hydrogens we would get
difluoromethane, 3 hydrogens would result in trifluoromethane and so on.
Elemet: Prefix:
Fluorine Fluoro
Chlorine Chloro
Bromine Bromo
Iodine Iodo
And the numerical prefixs:
1 uni-
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
2.7 How do the different carbon bonds act geometrically?
In a single carbon bond the bond angle of the carbon atoms is usually about 109.5 degrees.
in a tetrahedron shape. With a double bond the bond angle becomes 120 degrees. Then in a triple
bond the bond angle of the carbons and the hydrogen is 180. These angle are in methane, methene
and methyne.
A single bonded carbon can rotate on their bond axis basically freely. A double or triple bonded
carbon cannot rotate as any rotatation could produce a different chemical altogether.
Functional Groups
3.1 What does "functional group" mean?
When a hydrogen atom is replaced in a hydrocarbon the replacement part is
called the functional group. By doing so the compounds become less stable and
more reactive. These products are usually used for cleaning purposes, adhesives
and drugs.
3.2 How do I identify an organic compound with a functional group?
Take the basic structure of an organic compound you suspect to be in the functional
group and try and match it's structure against this chart. R can be any radical from methyl to
bromo! Like take CH3-OH. We call the CH3 a radical, we now have R--OH so we look on
the chart to see it's an alocohol. Methyl + ol = Methanol!
Examples of Function Groups
Alcohol
Acid
Ether
Ester
Aldehyde
Amine
Ketone
Amide
3.3 What are some simple alcohols?
Here are some examples of simple alcohols:
3.4 How can I produce and detect an ester?
You can produce an ester by reacting ethanol and acetic acid or any alcohol and
any organic acid. The results will be an ester and water. With ethanol and acetic
acid the product is ethyl acetate and water. Generally different esters have different
aromas so the best way to detect one is careful smell the air. If it smells different
than before you probably have created an ester successfully!
Conclusion
Organic chemistry is very important to our modern synthesized world. Without the complex
compounds that carbon forms I wouldn't be typing on plastic keys. I wouldn't be looking
at a monitor made of plastic. Without organic chemistry we'd be stuck back a long time.
With organic chemistry we have the power to harm and to heal. The power to create(synthesis)
and destroy(TNT). Overall organic chemistry has changed the lives of everyone living at this moment.
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of organic compounds which are compounds of carbon with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur, etc.
Examples of organic compounds are: methane (CH4), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), and glucose (C6H12O6).
Why are there so many different possible compounds of carbon?
The reasons why there are so many different possible compounds of carbon are the following:
A carbon atom has four electrons in the outer or valence ****l and hence it can form four strong covalent bonds with many different atoms including other carbon atoms.
A carbon atom can join to other carbon atoms forming chains and rings of various sizes and shapes.
Introduction
1.1 What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the chemistry, structure, and applications of compounds of
carbon (with some exceptions). The exceptions to the rule are carbon alone,
carbonic acids and its salts, carbides, cyanides and the oxides and sulfides of
carbon are not considered organic. Usually an organic compound must contain
carbon and usually hydrogen. The simplest organic compound is methane, a
hydrocarbon, CH4.
1.2 Why is carbon and organic chemistry so important?
Carbon is so important to organic chemistry as it has a great tendency to form
chains and rings with it's self. This process is catenation. Carbon is special
because it can join with other atoms by gaining electrons or sharing them thus
creating covalent bonds. Generally carbon shares 4 or gains 4 electrons but has
been known to have 2- charge on it (rarely). Carbon generally has both bond
characters, Ionic and Covalent. The only other element to act like carbon would
be silicon. Silicon has a slight tendency towards caternation but much less than
carbon. Carbon thus has the flexibility to form many complex compounds. This
what lends 9 million of the 10 million known substances to have formed with
carbon in an organic compound. This massive flexibility allows the production of
enzymes and other chemicals important to biochemists who base their work upon
the wonders of organic chemistry and carbon. Organic chemistry is important to
many other fields of science by showing how the world around us is made and
formed, how grass grows and feeds itself or to create synthetic oil if we run out of
nature petroleum.
Organic chemistry is especially important to medicine as it allows the production of
drugs to deal with various ailments and problem we humans experience. It's also painfully
obvious how important organic chemistry is to bioengineering as the various
drugs, compounds etc. deal directly with bioengineering. Bioengineering requires
organic chemistry to produce protiens and tissues for scientific purposes. Without
knowing how a protien is structured you probably can't make anything from that
protien!
1.3 I understand that but what useful things come from Organic Chemistry?
As previously stated, 9 million of the 10 million known compounds are ORGANIC.
These compounds don't all have the same properties. The properties range from high
explosives to strong plastics to even your muscle tissue and your brain. The
pesticides we use on our fields to protect against insects like aphids are produced
from organic chemistry. The ritalin for hyper ADT patients take is derived through
organic chemistry. The propane you cook your hamburgers with and that you flip
with your plastic spatula are all organic. The leather seats in your car, the
gasoline that your car uses are all organic. Your nylon shirt is a synthetic
organic material. As you see they all don't have the same uses they
have many numerous uses.
1.4 Where do these compounds come from?
Organic compounds are most common and easily found in nature itself.
Petroleum is removed from pools between layers of rock beneath the earth's
surface. Many compounds come from animals. Soil is often due to dead plant
and animal tissue being broken down by bacteria which results in many different
compounds in which scientists can derive other compounds from. Nature is organic
and nature reproduces so nature is one of the best sources for organic matter.
1.5 What is specific industrial application for organic chemistry?
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a substance used in housing to make pipes for water
and wastes to travel through. PVC is also used to make items like rain coats
and gum boots. PVC is often the most common piping in a house next to
copper. The reason for it's use is that it's cheaper than copper and quite
flexible while it doesn't rub off in the water like copper. An incredibly large use
for organic compounds in the industrial field are for plastics. Any and all plastics
are made from organic chemistry .
Hydrocarbons
2.1 You mentioned the word hydrocarbon, what is it?
A hydrocarbon is a compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen. The
simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. Hydrocarbon combust in oxygen when
energy is added (heat). We often use propane C3H8 to cook food on a barbecue.
There are two main types of hydrocarbons that are further broken down into more
groups:
Aromatic hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons contain 1 or more benzene rings (benzene).
Aliphatic hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons are anything that is not Aromatic (propane).
The aliphatic hydrocarbon group has many internal classifications. An aliphatic
hydrocarbon can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated is when all the bonds in
the hydrocarbon are single bonds. That means that there is only one electron
shared per atom not 2 electrons shared between 2 atoms (double bond)
. Unsaturated is when you have a double bond or a triple bond.
Chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons arranged in a chain or a line of
carbon atoms joined and example would be propane.
Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons arranged in a ring of carbon
atoms joined.
2.2 What are alkanes?
Alkanes are saturated Aliphatic hydrocarbons. All alkanes keep the suffix -ane in
their name. Their prefix is determined by how many carbon atoms there are. So
an alkane like C3H8 has 3 carbon atoms. So we'd look at this table of naming
conventions:
Table Of Naming
Prefix How many Carbon Atoms Radical Name
Meth- 1 Carbon atom Methyl
Eth- 2 Carbon atoms Ethyl
Prop- 3 Carbon atoms Propyl
But- 4 Carbon atoms Butyl
Pent- 5 Carbon atoms Pentyl
Hex- 6 Carbon atoms Hexyl
Hept- 7 Carbon atoms Heptyl
Oct- 8 Carbon atoms Octyl
Non- 9 Carbon atoms Nonyl
Dec- 10 Carbon atoms Decyl
And we would add Pro- to -ane to get Propane. An alkane with 10 Carbon atoms
would have the name of Decane. Chains can also have other chains attached to
them. These are called branches or substituent. To name a branched alkane you
take the longest string of carbon atoms (note that they don't need to be on the
same line you must include branches) then conjugate the name (hexane). Now
count the carbon atoms from left to right till you get to the uncounted branch
(carbon atom 3 in this case) count the uncounted carbon atoms on that branch
and look at the table. We have 1 carbon atom so we grab the radical name of
Methyl. Now to conjugate the name we take the branched carbon atom number 3
then add the radical name then add the conjugated name for the main string of
carbon atoms which is hexane. So 3 + methyl + hexane = 3-methylhexane! This
works about the same way if there is more than one substituent except you list
the radicals with the carbon atom their attached to in alphabetical order (e.g. 3-
ethy-3-methylhexane)
Alkanes
Alkane Subsituents
Cows frequently produce methane after consumption of grass... Penguins usually don't...
2.3 What are Alkenes then?
Alkenes are hydrocarbons like alkanes except they are unsaturated as they form
double carbon bonds. They have stronger bonds that alkanes but the bond
strength is not double that of an alkane. Alkenes are named the same way as
alkanes except instead of a -ane suffix they have a -ene suffix. If the first carbon
atom and second are not doubled bonded then you attach the number of the
carbon atom which is double bonding at the start of the name e.g. 2-Butene
Alkenes are numbered so that the parent compound contains the double bond for
numbering purposes. An alkene can contain more than 1 double bond. You name
the it the same except between your prefix and suffix you put in adi. And at the
start you write in the numbers of the carbon atom at which each double bond
starts. So CH2==CH--CH==CH2 is 1,2-butadiene (used in making synthetic
rubber).
Alkenes are known for cis and trans isomers. The cis isomer has all the
hydrogen atoms on one side of the atom. The transisomer has the radical groups on
opposite site. Ethene is an alkene and an important alkene for commercial purposes.
Ethene is used to produce plastics, antifreeze, synthetic fibers and solvents. Propene is
used to make plastic and synthetic fibers also!
2.4 What are Alkynes?
Alkynes are more like alkenes than alkanes. They are unsaturated aliphatic
compounds. They have triple bonds between carbon atoms instead of double
bonds. Alkynes are very reactive. To name an alkyne you name it like an alkene
except your suffix becomes -yne instead of -ene.
For naming of substituent you just follow the same rules as alkenes. If there is a
compound your naming with a double bond and a triple bond the double bond
takes precedence in numbering. So the double bond is given the lower number
and will be named first.
Ethyne or Acetylene is used for torches and has other industrial purposes.
2.5 Explain Aromatic Hydrocarbons further.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are based on the bezene ring.
The bezene ring is a cyclic hydrocarbon of C6H6. At each corner of the hexagon
there is assumed to be a carbon atom. You then can thus add a hydrogen atom
to each corner. Unlike cyclohexane C6H12, bezene has delocalized electrons thus
allowing greater stability to the structure.
Aromatic hydrocarbons often has a distinct odor to them which is what the name
came from. Bezene rings often form compounds with other hydrocarbons like
methane to produce methylbenzene or toluene.
Benzene rings are used in explosives like TNT or 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene. Many
synthetic materials are made from benzene as it can make many plastics.
In a chemical structure diagram the bezene ring is represented by a hexagon
with a circle inside of it.
To name an aromatic hydrocarbon you usually take the radical name that's attached
and add that to the beginning of the bezene ring name. So toluene is really the methyl radical
so toluene's real name is methylbenzene.
2.6 Are there any other substituents?
Yes besides the methyl, ethyl,... substituents there are halogen derivatives.
For example say we have methane and we replace one of the hydrogens with a
fluorine atom we get fluoromethane. If we replaced 2 hydrogens we would get
difluoromethane, 3 hydrogens would result in trifluoromethane and so on.
Elemet: Prefix:
Fluorine Fluoro
Chlorine Chloro
Bromine Bromo
Iodine Iodo
And the numerical prefixs:
1 uni-
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
2.7 How do the different carbon bonds act geometrically?
In a single carbon bond the bond angle of the carbon atoms is usually about 109.5 degrees.
in a tetrahedron shape. With a double bond the bond angle becomes 120 degrees. Then in a triple
bond the bond angle of the carbons and the hydrogen is 180. These angle are in methane, methene
and methyne.
A single bonded carbon can rotate on their bond axis basically freely. A double or triple bonded
carbon cannot rotate as any rotatation could produce a different chemical altogether.
Functional Groups
3.1 What does "functional group" mean?
When a hydrogen atom is replaced in a hydrocarbon the replacement part is
called the functional group. By doing so the compounds become less stable and
more reactive. These products are usually used for cleaning purposes, adhesives
and drugs.
3.2 How do I identify an organic compound with a functional group?
Take the basic structure of an organic compound you suspect to be in the functional
group and try and match it's structure against this chart. R can be any radical from methyl to
bromo! Like take CH3-OH. We call the CH3 a radical, we now have R--OH so we look on
the chart to see it's an alocohol. Methyl + ol = Methanol!
Examples of Function Groups
Alcohol
Acid
Ether
Ester
Aldehyde
Amine
Ketone
Amide
3.3 What are some simple alcohols?
Here are some examples of simple alcohols:
3.4 How can I produce and detect an ester?
You can produce an ester by reacting ethanol and acetic acid or any alcohol and
any organic acid. The results will be an ester and water. With ethanol and acetic
acid the product is ethyl acetate and water. Generally different esters have different
aromas so the best way to detect one is careful smell the air. If it smells different
than before you probably have created an ester successfully!
Conclusion
Organic chemistry is very important to our modern synthesized world. Without the complex
compounds that carbon forms I wouldn't be typing on plastic keys. I wouldn't be looking
at a monitor made of plastic. Without organic chemistry we'd be stuck back a long time.
With organic chemistry we have the power to harm and to heal. The power to create(synthesis)
and destroy(TNT). Overall organic chemistry has changed the lives of everyone living at this moment.
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of organic compounds which are compounds of carbon with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur, etc.
Examples of organic compounds are: methane (CH4), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), and glucose (C6H12O6).
Why are there so many different possible compounds of carbon?
The reasons why there are so many different possible compounds of carbon are the following:
A carbon atom has four electrons in the outer or valence ****l and hence it can form four strong covalent bonds with many different atoms including other carbon atoms.
A carbon atom can join to other carbon atoms forming chains and rings of various sizes and shapes.